History of Clogging

A Brief History of Clog Dancing

by Jeff Driggs, Editor of the Double Toe Times Clogging Magazine

 

Clogging is a truly American dance form that began in the Appalachian Mountains and now enjoys widespread popularity throughout the United States and around the world.

As the Appalachians were settled in the mid 1700’s by the Irish, Scottish, English and Dutch-Germans, the folk dances of each area met and began to combine in an impromptu foot-tapping style, the beginning of clog dancing as we know it today. Accompanied by rousing fiddle and bluegrass music, clogging was a means of personal expression in a land of newfound freedoms.

The word "Clog" comes from the Gaelic, and means "time". Clogging is a dance that is done in time with the music -to the downbeat usually with the heel keeping rhythm.

As clogging made its way to the flatlands, other influences shaped it. From the Cherokee Indians, to African Blacks and Russian Gypsies, clogging has enveloped many different traditions to become truly a "melting pot" of step dances.
For the most part, clogging evolved as an individual form of expression, with a person using his feet as an instrument to make rhythmic and percussive sounds to accompany the music. At the turn of the century, many cloggers began to add this developing step dance to the square dances that had been enjoyed in their communities for decades. One of clog dancing’s most renowned founders, Bascom Lamar Lunsford of Asheville, North Carolina, helped to popularise the art of team clogging by adding it as a category of competition in the annual Mountain Dance and Folk Festival held in Asheville during the late 1920’s. A group called the Soco Gap Cloggers won the competition with a routine featuring precision mountain figures accompanied by freestyle step dancing. The Soco Gap Dancers became well known for their energetic style. In a performance for the Queen of England, it is reported that her majesty remarked at the footwork as very much like "Clogging" in her country. The term stuck, and the media used the term in documenting the performance.   The step dance emerging from the Southern Mountains became known as "clog dancing".
 
In the mid 1930’s, another innovator emerged to help propel mountain style dancing to national prominence. Dr. Lloyd "Pappy" Shaw, a teacher and Superintendent at the Cheyenne Mountain School in Colorado, and an avid collector of dances, steps and square dance calls formed an exhibition team from the dozens of high school students he taught and began to tour the United States, sharing his knowledge of dance with all who were interested. His 1939 book, "Cowboy Dances", is considered by many to be one of the finest historical collections of early American dances ever printed. After World War II, Dr. Shaw began to offer classes at his Cheyenne Mountain School in the instruction of old time dancing.

As Americans became more mobile, and interstate highways offered the opportunity for dancers to travel from area to area, the popularity of square dancing as a national activity increased. During this period, the need for standardization in square dance calls became increasingly evident, and a number of callers began to work on standardized names for the movements and figures that had developed independently of each other in hollows and communities throughout the country.   As square dancing began to evolve as a structured activity, the emphasis focused on the execution of the figures, and the step dancing footwork that had accompanied earlier dances was replaced by a gliding step. Clogging once again was relegated to solo expression, with only certain areas of Appalachia and the Ozarks continuing to dance the old-time calls with clogging footwork.  During this period, Bill Nichols, of South Carolina, taught clogging and old-time squares at the Fontana Resort in the Western Carolina mountains and built a legacy of instruction that has branched out to include teachers from all parts of the United States.  He is considered by many to be the “Grandfather” of modern clogging. 
 
During the late 1970’s, a new means of clogging expression began to gain popularity — the line dance. Propelled by the catchy beat of country and pop tunes, teachers such as Tandy Barrett and JoAnn Gibbs of Georgia, Gloria Driver of Texas, Lucy Johnson of California and others wrote sequences of steps to accompany phrases of a popular tune. These strings of steps were performed to a particular song, with step cues prompting the dancers through each section.   Also during this time, the Green Grass Cloggers were formed in North Carolina.  The group combined old time steps with high kicks to create a uniquely stylised clogging form that endures today.

Sheila Popwell, of Georgia, is credited as one of the creators of the first standardized cueing and terminology methods. These generally accepted forms of notation made it possible for cue sheets to be produced for dance routines, giving dancers the opportunity to learn new material without having to travel to workshops or conferences.

Clogging today is less impromptu and more complicated than the simple rhythmic dance begun by our ancestors. New influences are creeping into the dance because of popular culture. Tap dancing, Canadian Step Dancing, Irish Hard Shoe and even street dancing and hip-hop influences are being seen to bear on the style of steps and dances performed by cloggers today. Performing teams wearing brightly colored costumes, calico or sequins have sprung up everywhere, providing entertainment with impressive precision footwork. Clogging Competitions across the country bring together teams from East and West to vie for trophies, honours and cash prizes.   In 2003, clog dancing was included as a competitive dance sport in the AAU Junior Olympics.

 

Special thanks to Jeff Driggs, President of Double Toe Times www.doubletoe.com – a clogging magazine dedicated to Keep Clogging Strong!

Comments

  1. Hello Jeff. I’m an active member oof the Central Seniors at Central Lutheran Church, Eugene. We have moonthly luncheon meetings. We are always looking for ways to help seniors stay healthy by movement, and exercise which would including clogging. I’d like to find out if anyone in your group would come with several people and put on a lunchtime presentation for us. Date and time would be negotiable. We’d love to try something different. answer by e-mail. Thanks, Carole

  2. Just wanted everyone to know that a new dance studio in Pickerington Ohio is opening in Aug. and one of their classes is clogging take a look at the web site.

  3. I will let all our cloggers about your wonderful site.

  4. Glasgow Brian says

    Interesting article on American clogging. I’m curious to know whether the early settlers from Europe took their clogs with them – i.e. shoes with solid wooden soles and leather uppers. Step dancing in England was known as clog dancing where workers wore clogs, and just step dancing where shoes were leather. Funny how old time step dancing in the USA is now called clogging – thanks for explaining it. By the way, Appalachian clog is popular in England and often seen in English folk festivals along with English clog dancers and those Morris dancers who wear clogs.

  5. Lynn Pinsak says

    Having been an active clogger from 1975 thru about 1992 (including learning from Lucy Johnson and Bill Hathaway and our own exhibition team that was active for 12 years), it saddens me to see clogging changing to something that is so different from real clogging to some kind of various tap dances, with each new dance trying to outdo the last in difficulty and technical steps. I am sure that the number of people has dropped significantly since clogging peaked in the 80’s. We had to keep moving our annual conventions to larger facilities because of the number of people attending. It went from being something everyone could enjoy and have fun with to something geared for teenagers…..from steps to music to costumes. The least they could do is call this “new clogging” by a different name so it won’t be confused for the real thing.

  6. Butch & Marie Antone says

    Jeff,
    What a great job on the article. Having been there in the early 80’s and seeing clogging grow with hundreds of dancers of all ages on the floor at workshops was one of the big highlights in my clogging/teaching career. I wouldn’t trade that experience for anything.
    We drove all over the Southeast to learn routines from the “2” Jeff’s (Driggs & Parrott), Tandy, Scotty, Chris, Joyce and Jo Ann, the “2” Chips (Woodall & Furtrell. We will always remember Ole time R&R routine by the “Buckin mules” and Elliot’s broken ankle step. My lord, what memories.
    I appreciate you mentioning Sheila Popwell because she was an important part of the clogging explosion but somehow kinda got lost in the shuffle. I believe she started the DTT.
    You know we love you down here in the flatlands of Florida (The Partly Cloudy State) and so proud of what you have done for clogging as our ambassador.

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